Features of simple and painted wood in Wood carving
Simple woods are those woods that are usually straight and parallel to the tree axis for the majority of their constituent elements (vessels, fibers, and parenchyma). And the finishing wood looks like a woodless background, such as pear and boxwood, which are widely used in arts such as mosaics and inlays. But painted woods, unlike simple woods, have a variety of designs, the most important of which are:
• Looped: Unnatural states that occur in the growth of wood elements and produce dark spots on the wood. This happens mostly in walnut wood, and the patterns created add to the beauty of the work, so artists use such woods for more beauty in their work.
• Striped: In woods whose spring and summer colors are quite distinct, after performing various cuts, visible stripes are seen on them, which are the same as the strings of the wood.
• Wavy: In this type of wood, the elements of wood in the direction of the stem appear wavy in the radial and tangential sections of these patterns on the wood. Examples include maple wood.
• Spotted: In this type of wood, wood chips are seen as beautiful spots called mayors in the radial section of wood. Examples include sycamore and beech trees.
Wood density
Density in trees is related to factors such as fine weaving and coarse weaving, as well as loose texture and hard texture. As mentioned earlier, the dimensions and components of wood vary depending on the seasons based on spring growth and summer growth, and differ in physical and mechanical properties. The ratio of summer wood to the annual growth rate is called tissue density. The higher the ratio, the denser, heavier and firmer the wood texture, and the less stretched and stretched it is.
Wood texture
Since the ratio of spring wood width to annual annual width is always constant in broadleaves, whenever the annual circle width increases, the reason is due to the large amount of summer wood. Therefore, the wood is called fine-textured, which is the opposite in the case of needle needles. In other words, trees with small diameters of wood, especially vases (in broadleaves) and tracheids (in needle needles) are known as fine-textured woods, and wood with low annual widths in broadleaves and high in needlework Coarse texture.
Wood warp
In general, in the cross section of wood, different components of wood, except for some parenchyma, are seen in the form of porous particles that are scattered on the surface in the form of grains and are called grains. Species whose components are large and visible to the naked eye are called coarse-grained and, conversely, small-grained ones. Because the longitudinal components of the wood are parallel to each other, they are called coarse-grained wood, in which case coarse-grained wood is called coarse-grained and fine-grained wood is called fine-grained. When working with both groups, it can be concluded that fine-grained or fine-grained woods such as pears, boxwood, evangelicals, frankincense and maple are well polished, smooth and polished, so they are also widely used in the art of carpentry.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity
As we have said before, the wood of trees in the main part of the time of growth is called the wood of the beginning and the wood of the end. If there is no significant difference in size between the wood of the beginning of the growth and the wood of the end of the growing season, or it is not seen at all, the wood is called homogeneous, such as: boxwood, pear, evangelical, maple, beech, alder. But if there is a lot of difference between the beginning and the end wood, such woods are said to be heterogeneous, such as: mulch, oja, free, sparrow and elm.
Special Weight
In general, the specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume, or the ratio of the weight of an object to its volume, the unit of weight in grams per cubic centimeter. The difference in specific gravity in woods is due to changes in the thickness and number of their vessels. The smaller the number of vessels and the thicker the cell wall, the greater the specific gravity. It should not be overlooked that moisture is effective in the specific gravity difference of wood. To compare the specific gravity of species or different specimens, specimens with a certain moisture content should be used. With this description, balsa wood is considered to be the lightest and Klystantus wood is the heaviest wood in the world, and among the common trees of Iran, Tabrizi wood is the lightest and amber wood is the heaviest wood.
Wood color
There are various materials that can be extracted in wood, the type and amount of which, even in one type of wood, cause different colors in the wood. These substances are mostly found in cell cavities and their major compounds include oils, resins, tannins, fats, dyes and so on. In general, the outer wood of all types of wood is white or light-colored, because on the outside of the wood (outer wood) there is a small amount of extractive material, while the wood inside due to the presence of most of these materials has different colors. Their colors range from four colors: red, orange, yellow, and purple, and are often brown in color, and dark black is less common, which also belongs to the Absence family. From this group of woods, we can mention walnut, mulberry, free, oak, mulberry, acacia, etc. Various and varied colors of wood have increased its use and given a special effect to the beauty of the works made. Of course, it should not be overlooked that the color of some woods changes due to exposure to light and oxygen, and even their oxidation, such as that of alder wood, takes less than a few minutes.
The smell and taste of wood
This property of wood is related to the substances present in wood texture that are released due to some physical and chemical interactions in wood. These substances include: bicarbonate, proteins and fats, which are significant in terms of wood identification and application. Of course, this type of identification requires experience and some information about the taste and smell of such wood. In this regard, they are widely used in wood art, and among them we can mention fragrant woods such as cypress, cypress, juniper and sandalwood. Sandalwood can be considered the most widely used wood in the production of decorative and embossed tools such as chess pieces, elephant sculptures, paravans, tables and many other objects with various methods of inlay and inlaid lattice in India.
Wood glitter
It is a luminous property that in some cases exists without paying in wood. This property varies depending on the anatomical structure of the wood, the extraction material, the direction of the cut, and ultimately the radiation of the light, and the oily material always reduces its luster. Among these woods, we can mention the spruce wood, which has a shell glow and is well distinguishable from its other type, the van wood. Other woods in this group include maple and elm, which are widely used in woodcarving, furniture and woodworking.
Wood moisture
Wood has a special structure in which there are molecular membranes, colloidal materials and filaments such as lignin and cellulose. The colloidal material in the cell membrane and between them is an important factor in moisture absorption; In various states, the absorption and repulsion of wood water tries to balance the environment, which also changes the physical and mechanical properties of wood, so that by absorbing water, its dimensions are higher, its specific gravity is greater and its resistance to various forces. Decreases; This is the opposite of dehydration.
The hardness and natural durability of wood
The resistance of wood to the penetration of a solid and winning object is called the hardness of wood. In fact, knowing and recognizing hardwoods can help us to apply and how to use different woods. In principle, the hardness of wood depends on several factors: First, it is a special mass of wood that is directly related to its hardness. Second, the moisture in the wood is inversely related, meaning that the higher the moisture content in the wood, the lower the degree of hardness. Third is the direction of the wood fibers. This stiffness varies depending on the direction of the fiber cut, if we see that the stiffness of the wood at the cross-sectional level is greater than its value at the radial and tangential surface.