Stages of planting and harvesting hazelnuts
Hazelnut trees need relatively cold winters and cool summers. For the growth and development of fruit, cool and long summers are more suitable than hot and long summers. Hazelnut trees need to be exposed to moderate cold for a relatively long time to meet the need for cold. In humid areas, trees are susceptible to pathogens. Hazelnut trees are resistant to cold. Nuts and hazelnut flowers are more resistant to cold than open flowers. If the female flowers are open, the temperature of -9.5 ° C will damage them. There is a direct relationship between the minimum and maximum air temperature with the flowering dates of male and female inflorescences. Increasing the total effective temperatures of stigma emergence in early cultivars Delays. Tissue resistance to cold is determined from sensitive to resistant: central cylinder, wood vessels, cambium and skin. In mid-winter, vegetative buds are more resistant to cold than female flowers. Also, the resistance of most female flowers in January is higher than male flowers. Hazelnut planting should be avoided in low areas where cold weather remains, and also there should be no dry winds in that area, areas with moderate rainfall and rainfall distribution. Also suitable during the season are very suitable for successful planting of hazelnuts. Neutral to slightly acidic soils with a pH of 6 are suitable for planting hazelnuts.
Soil preparation
The type of soil suitable for planting hazelnuts varies in different regions, but in general the soil should be deep, fertile and well drained. Deep soils store large amounts of water and nutrients that are used during the dry season. The roots of the hazelnut tree grow rapidly to a depth of 2.5 to 4 meters. Adverse factors such as the presence of an impermeable layer, high groundwater level, the presence of rocks and sand, and the lack of ventilation in the soil limit the growth of roots. The soil should be well ventilated to a depth of 4 meters. Hazelnut trees are more tolerant of compacted soils than walnut trees. Propagation of hazelnut from dyad to two growths from dyad is done by seed and from vegetative dyad. Propagated by seed by planting hazelnuts immediately after harvest along with pericarp greatly reduces germination. Seed removal, like pericarp removal, increases germination by up to 81%. Seed dormancy resolves with a stratification period of 6 months. If the hazelnuts are harvested late (end of September), the pericarp of the fruits will harden. In this case, a period of warm stratification at 20 ° C is necessary first, and then the hazelnut seeds should be exposed to a cold period (4 ° C). In fruits that are harvested early (end of August), the endosperm and embryo often do not grow enough and the seeds do not germinate well. To kill the dormancy of hazelnut seeds, if they are exposed to 5 ° C for 6 weeks and then transferred to 20 ° C, gibberellic acid accumulates in the seeds and causes them to germinate. There are different methods in vegetative propagation, which are: propagation by cuttings – propagation by dormancy – propagation by grafting – propagation by micropropagation
Planting dates and intervals
Sloping lands should be terraced before planting so that hazelnut trees can be planted at appropriate intervals. This facilitates the use of chemical fertilizers, livestock and irrigation. When planting, care must be taken that the inside of the holes is free of stones because the presence of stones limits the roots. Hazelnut planting is done in late winter or spring. During planting, after digging the pits, some soil is poured at the bottom of each pit and the roots of the seedlings are placed on it, then the rest of the pits are filled with topsoil and hardened. The area around the seedlings is covered with sawdust or loose soil and irrigated. To reduce the number of pimples and remove them more easily, the seedlings are removed from a height of 50 to 75 cm and the trunks of the seedlings are painted with a white material or covered with white paper to prevent sunburn.
Planting
If the hazelnut is not grown as a shrub or hedge, the planting distance is 6 meters. The yield of hazelnuts in the tree state is more than in the plant state. In the case of plants, the central part remains weak or disappears due to the shadow of the outer parts. Planting distance varies depending on whether something else is planted among the hazelnut trees.
harvest
Hazelnuts fall to the ground after ripening. Fruits that fall to the ground change color due to soil moisture, so to prevent it, the skin of the fruit should be removed at the earliest opportunity. . The yield of hazelnut trees varies depending on the age of the tree, planting distance, soil preparation operations and other factors. If one hectare of garden produces 2200 kg of crop, it has a good yield.